| |
|
1. Katz, W.L. (1986). Black Indians: A hidden heritage. New York: Atheneum. The story of African Americans, some with dual ancestry,
and their various contributions to the settlement of the American frontier.
2. United States Congress. House. Indians--Creek and Seminole. 33 Cong., 2 Sess., Hse. Doc. 701, 1854. Reports about the conflicts between the Creek and Seminole Indians since their removal to the Territory. Discusses the Negro chiefs and Wild Cat’s activities. 3. United States Congress. House. Negroes, &c., captured from Indians in Florida, &c. 25 Cong., 3 Sess., Hse. Doc. 225, 1839. Correspondence and reports about slaves captured during the Second Seminole War. 4. United States Congress. House. Information in relation to the destruction of the Negro fort in East Florida. 25 Cong., 2 Session, Hse. Doc. 122, 1819. A description of the Negro fort and its destruction. 5. War in Florida. (1836, November 5). Niles Weekly Register, 51, 145. This 19th century magazine covered national news and reprinted speeches, correspondence, and documents by and about public officials. Reports from the field on the campaigns of the Florida war appear frequently in this year's issues. 6. Hamilton, V. (1993). Many thousand gone; African Americans from slavery to freedom. Illustrated by Leo and Diane Dillon. New York: Knopf A recounting of the lives of Harriet Tubman and others who led slaves to freedom. 7. Mayer, T.W. (1995). The Caribbean and its people. New York: Thomson Learning. Richly illustrated, this book has a chapter on the Maroons who live in the hills of Jamaica, Hispaniola and the Windward Islands. 8. Adi, H. (1994). African migrations. New York: Thomson Learning. An introduction to the slave trade and the formation of Maroon societies in Brazil and Jamaica. 9. Porter, K.W. (I 996). The Black Seminoles; history of a freedom-seeking people. Rev. & ed. by A.M. Amos and T.P. Senter. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. This study is based on the exhaustive and methodical work of Kenneth Wiggins Porter in archives and libraries, supplemented by interviews of twenty-six elderly members of the Seminole community in Texas in the 1930s and 1940s. 10. Mulroy, K. (1993). Freedom on the Border. The Seminole Maroons in Florida, the Indian Territory, Coahuila, and Texas. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press. A study of the Black Seminoles, or Seminole Maroons, whose formation as a social group dates from the late 18th century in Spanish Florida. It reveals significant and little-known information about the relations between Blacks and Indians along the frontier. 11. Last raid in Southwest Texas. (1927, August). Frontier Times, 4, 58-59. This article retells an incident in the history of the Seminole Negro Indian Scouts. In 188 11 Lt. Bullis and the scouts tracked and captured Lipan Indians who raided a farm and killed the housewife and her children. 12. Jones, H.C. (1934). Old Seminole scouts still thrive on the border. Frontier Times, I 1, 3 2 7 -3 3 2. A good description of the religious and cultural practices of the Black Seminoles. 13. Landers, J.L. (1995). Traditions of African American freedom and community in Spanish colonial Florida. In D.R. Colburn & J.L. Landers (Eds.), The African American Heritage of Florida (pp. 17-41). Gainsville, FL: University Press of Florida. Africans in Spanish-held Florida built cohesive family networks incorporating religious, economic and military ties, thereby becoming an integral part of the Spanish community. 14. Porter, K.W. (I 9 7 1). The Negro on the American Frontier. New York: Arno Press. Beginning in the early 1930s, Porter published many articles about the relations between Blacks and Indians and the experiences of Blacks on the American frontier. This is a collection of his most important articles. 15. Giddings, J.R. (1997). The Exiles of Florida; or, The crimes committed by our government against the Maroons, who fled from South Carolina and other slave states seeking protection under Spanish laws (Follett, Foster & Co., 1858; Reprint ed., Black Classic Press, 1997). Giddings, an anti-slavery leader, presents evidence of the United States government's role in destroying this Florida community, where both Blacks and Native Americans lived, worked and actively resisted enslavement. 16. Price, R. (Ed.). (1997). Maroon societies: Rebel slave communities in the Americas. (3rd ed.) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. A rich and informative anthology of articles which describes maroon societies formed by escaped slaves in the United States, Latin America and the Caribbean in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. The content covers day-to-day life in Maroon communities, the ways European and American slave owners attempted to destroy the settlements, and the frequent wars fought between Maroons and slave owners. Herbert Apthekier's pioneering study of Maroon peoples in the United States written in 1939 is reprinted here. 17. Mahon, J.K. (1967). History of the Second Seminole War, 1835-1842. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press. This authoritative account describes the complex military engagements and analyzes the motives of all three races involved in the struggle. Mahon focuses on the close connection between this Indian war and the general issue of Black slavery. 18. Wright, J.L., Jr. (1968). A note on the First Seminole War as seen by the Indians, Negroes, and their British advisors. Journal of Southern History, 34@ 565-575. The Spanish governors, the Indians and Negroes were too weak to thwart the determination of the United States to take possession not only of Creek and Seminole land, but all of Spanish Florida. In spite of the British support of the Indian/Black cause, she was unwilling to intervene to halt Andrew Jackson's takeover of the territory. 19. Mathews, D. (Producer and Writer). (1989). Black Warriors of the Seminoles [Videotape]. (Available from Ironwood Productions, P.O. Box 2195, Asheville, NY 18802). This film follows the escape of Black slaves from Georgia and South Carolina plantations to Florida where they integrated into the Seminole Indian tribes. It includes a brief history of the Black Seminoles who live in Oklahoma. 20. Bateman, R.B. (1990). 'We're still here': history, kinship, and group identity among the Seminole Freedmen of Oklahoma (Doctoral dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1991). An examination of the history of the relationship between the Oklahoma Seminoles and the Freedmen (Black Seminoles) from the time of the allotment of the Seminole reservation in 1898 up to the. present controversy within the tribe over the disbursement of land claims awards. 21. Tyler, R.D. (1972). Fugitive slaves in Mexico. Journal of Negro History, 57, 1-12. Soon after slavery was abolished in Mexico in 1829, the number of runaways from Texas into Mexico increased. The Texas planters tried various strategies, all unsuccessful, to stem the exodus. The public became more aware of the problem when Wild Cat and John Horse emigrated to Coahuila with an estimated 150 to 800 Indians and Blacks in 1850. 22. McCall, G.A. (1 868). Letters from the Frontiers: Written during a period of thirty years' service in the army of the United States. Philadelphia: Lippincott. [Microcard] Assigned to duty in Florida, McCall moved from post to post. He describes the Seminole way of life and their relations with Blacks. 23. Wright, I.A. (1924). Dispatches of Spanish officials bearing on the free Negro settlement of Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose Florida. Journal of Negro History, 9, 144-95. Documents discovered in the Archives of the Indies,
Seville, Spain, give a detailed account of life in the settlement near
St. |